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Family Bufonidae

The family Bufonidae is large (599 species in 51 genera) and is found on all the continents except Antarctica. The giant toad, Rhinella marina (formerly Bufo marinus) has been introduced into Australia and several Pacific Island countries - ostensibly as a form of biological control at which it failed miserably. All stages of the toad are toxic when ingested and this has wreaked havoc amongst naive predators, particularly in Australia.

According to Amphibiaweb toads in two genera, Nimbaphrynoides and Nectophrynoides, give birth to live young. These are the only known viviparous frogs.

Some toads are long-lived. The common European toad, Bufo bufo, has reached the ripe old age of 36, surpassed only by the Japanese giant salamander (55 years) in longevity amongst the amphibia.

Atelopus zeteki Panamanian golden or harlequin frog

Atelopus zeteki, Panamanian golden frog or harlequin frog. Endangered in the wild. Captive, Fort Worth Zoo.

Atelopus zeteki, Panamanian golden frog or harlequin frog. Endangered in the wild. Captive, Fort Worth Zoo. Vertical.

Atelopus zeteki, Panamanian golden frog or harlequin frog. Endangered in the wild. Captive, Fort Worth Zoo. Pair, female on right.

Atelopus zeteki, Panamanian golden frog or harlequin frog. Endangered in the wild. Captive, Fort Worth Zoo. Lateral.

Bufo boreas Boreal toad

Bufo boreas, the Boreal toad, endangered in may parts of its range. This specimen photographed in the Denver Zoo.

Bufo campbelli Rainforest toad

**Portrait of adult rainforest toad, Bufo campbelli, photographed at Caves Branch, Belize.**

**Adult Bufo campbelli, Rainforest toad photographed at Caves Branch, Belize.**

Bufo cognatus Great Plains toad

Bufo cognatus, Great Plains toad. Captive, Denver Zoo.

Bufo haemetiticus Litter toad

Bufo haemetiticus, litter toad photographed in Costa Rica.

Bufo lemur Puerto Rican crested toad

Bufo (Peltophryne) lemur, Puerto Rican crested toad, male, head-on

Bufo (Peltophryne) lemur, Puerto Rican crested toad, male,threequarter lateral

Bufo (Peltophryne) lemur, Puerto Rican crested toad, male, lateral

Bufo (Peltophryne) lemur, Puerto Rican crested toads, male (top) female (bottom)

Bufo (Peltophryne) lemur, Puerto Rican crested toad, male,head-on two

Bufo terrestris Southern toad

FROG 0201 Bufo terrestris, Southern toad, Orlando, Florida.

FROG 0200 Bufo terrestris, Southern toad portrait, Orlando, Florida.

FROG 0190 Bufo terrestris, Southern toad oozing poison from parotid glands. I did not cause this reaction but found it hunkered down in this position.

Pedostibes hosii Yellow-spotted climbing toad

FROG 9423 Pedostibes hosii Yellow-spotted climbing toad (Captive, Fort Worth Zoo).

Rhaebo guttatus Smooth-sided toad

FROG 9707 Rhaebo guttatus, Smooth-sided toad, Burro Burro River, Surama, Guyana

Rhinella marina (formerly Bufo marinus) Marine, cane or giant toad

Rhinella marina the giant toad, also known as the cane toad or marine toad. This species has been misguidedly introduced to many countries. This specimen photographed in Fiji.

Rhinella marina Marine toad, photographed at Mana Island, Fiji. Image 1.

Rhinella marina Marine toad, photographed at Mana Island, Fiji. Image 2.

Rhinella marina (formerly Bufo marinus) Marine toad, photographed at Mana Island, Fiji. Image 3.

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